Showing posts with label Historical Personalities. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Historical Personalities. Show all posts

Sunday, July 20, 2008

TIRONA AT NORIEL SA HUKUMAN NG KASAYSAYAN



Daniel Anciano

Nalathala sa Filipino Magasin

Nobyembre 10, 1997

Noong nakaraang Mayo 10, ay ginunita ng sambayanang Pilipino ang sentenaryo ng kamatayan ng Supremo Andres Bonifacio. Isandaan taon na ang nakalipas nang ang mgakapatid na Andres at Procorpio Bonifacio ay bitayin (sabi ng ilang palabiro ay sinalvage) sa paanan ng isa samga bundok ng Maragondon, Cavite.

Ang kamatayan ng supremo ay isa sa itinuturing na pinakamatingkad na dungis sa ginintuang Pahina ng Unang Yugto ng Himagsikang Filipino ng 1896-1897. Hanggang sa kasalukuyan ang misteryo ng kamatayan ng magkapatid na Bonifacio ay patuloy pa rin na pinag-uusapan ng mga taong may hilig sa kasaysayan.

Dalawang katipunero ang nagkaroon ng malaking papel sa malagim na kinasapitan ng supremo sa paanan ng bundok ng Maragondon – sila ay sina Daniel Tirona at Mariano Noriel, dalawang pangunahing heneral ni Pangulong Emilio Aguinaldo.

Sa artikulong ito ay ating susundan ang mga sumunod na kaganapan kina Tirona at Noriel at kung papaanong ang kasaysayan ay humatol sa kanila upang matagpuan ng mga sumusunod na lahi ng mga mananalaysan ang dalawang personalidad sa basurahan ng kasaysayan.


DANIEL TIRONA

Ang Panghihiya sa Supremo

Si Heneral Daniel Tirona ay nagsilbing Direktoer ng Digmaan ng Sanggunuang Magdalo bilang kapalit ng kaniyang nakatatandang kapatid na si Koronel Candido Tirona na nasawi sa madugong labanan ng Binakayan noong Nobyembre 11, 1896.

Sa pagdating ni Bonifacio sa Cavite noong kalagitnaan ng Disyembre 1896, si Tirona pa ang naghatid sa supremo mula sa Imus, Cavite patungong San Francisco de Malabon (Bayan ng General Trias, ngayon). Sa nasabing parada si Tirona ay nakasakay pa sa kabayo na nasa kanang paning ng karitelang sinasakyan ng Supremo Andres Bonifacio. Nakabunot pa ang espada ni Tirona at sumisigaw pa sa mga taong nadadaanan ng parada ng "Mabuhay ang Supremo."

Ayon sa pagsasalaysay ni Heneral Santiago Alvares, ang nabanggit na paghahatid at pagsigaw ng pagbubunyi ni Tirona sa supremo ay hindi minabuti ng Sangguniang Magdalo, dahilan ito upang siya ay mapagalitan ng mga kasamahan niya. Bilang pagbabangong puri sa kaniyang mga kasamahan sa Magdalo. Si Tirona ay nagpakalat ng mga mapanirang sulat laban sa katauhan ng supremo.

Labis na ikinagalit ng supremo ang ganitong mga mapanirang sulat, kaya ng magkita sina Bonifacio at Tirona sa San Francisco de Malabon ay tinutukan agad ng baril ni Bonifacio si Tirona. Mapalad na lamang at naawat ng mga taong sa bahay ang supremo sa kaniyang pagpisil ng gatilyo.

Ang pinakamalaki at pinakapopular na panghihiya ni Tirona laban sa supremo ay naganap sa Kumbensiyon ng Tejeros. Pagkatapos na matalo ng sunod-sunod ang supremo sa mga mahahalagang puwesto sa itinatayong Rebolusyonaryong Gobyerno na papalit sa Katipunan, nahalal din sa wakas ang supremo bilang Direktor ng Interior. Sa kabilang dako, ang nasabing puwesto para kay Bonifacio ay tinutulan ni Tirona at iminungkahi ang pangalan ni Jose del Rosario na mas angkop sa puwesto. Sa pagkakataong ito, naging labis na ang pagkamuhi ng supremo at tinutukan ng baril si Tirona. Sa ikawalang pagkakataon ay naging mapalad si Tirona dahilan sa naawat ni Ricarte ang supremo, na nagbigay ng pagkakataon para kay Tirona na mabilis na makatakbo.

Ang Hatol ng Kasaysayan

Pinarusahan ng kasaysayan si Tirona sa dalawang magkahiwalay na pagkakataon. Una ay nang mabawi ng mga Espayol ang Cavite noong 1897 mula sa kamay ng mga rebolusyonaryo. Si Tirona at si del Rosario (na pinagpipilitan ni Tirona bilang kapalit ni Bonifacio) ay nagtungo sa Tanza at buong kaduwagang nakaluhod ma humihingi ng amnestiya sa mga Espanyol.

Noong 1898 ay nagbalik si Aguinaldo mula sa Hongkong at naitatag ang isang bagong pamahalaan. Muli niyang tinawag si Tirona para maglingkod sa pamahalaan bilang heneral ng hukbo ng unang republika. Sa panahon ng Digmaang Filipino-Amerikano, si Tirona ay naatasan na mamuno sa Cagayan bilang gobernador-militar ng nasabing lalawigan.

Ang kaduwagan ni Tirona ay naipakitang muli sa ikalawang pagkakataon. Sa talaarawan ni Dr. Simeon Villa na nakapaloob sa petsang Pebrero 5, 1900, mapait niyang isinalaysay ang mga kawalanghiyaan ni Tirona. Sinulat ni Dr. Villa na ginamit ni Tirona ang kaniyang posisyon sa pamahalaang panlalawigan sa pagmomonopolyo ng mga kalakal na pumapasok sa Cagayan na nagkaloob kay Tirona ng napakalaking pakinabang na pera.

Kabilang sa isinulat ni Dr. Villa sa kaniyang talaarawan ay ang insidente kung saan ang bahay ng isang mayamang taga Tuguegarao, Cagayan ay nilooban ng mga masasamang loob at nilimas ang alahas at salapi. Hindi na nahuli o nakilala ang gumawa ng pagnanakaw. Pagkatapos ng dalawang buwan, ang ilan sa mga alahas na ninakaw sa bahay ng mayamang taga Tuguegarao ay nakitang nakasuot na sa katawan ni Tirona. Dito ay natanto ng mga taga Cagayan kung sino ang tunay na utak ng nakawan.

Sa pagsalakay ng mga Amerikano sa Cagayan, isinisi ng mga taga-roon ang pagbagsak ng lalawigan sa kabuktutan, kaduwagan at kawalan ng kahihiyan ni Tirona. Agad sumuko si Tirona sa mga Amerikano. Nang sumukod si Tirona, nakahanay siya sa harapan at sa pagkakataong ito ay harapang iniinsulto siya ng mga taga Cagayan na nakasaksi sa pagsuko. Sumisigaw ang mga taga Cagayan ng buong pagkutya na nagsasabing si Tirona ay magnanakaw na may pinakamaitim na balahibo, walang karangalan at duwag.

Si Tirona ay nagsilbing isang alila sa kapitang Amerikano na nakadakip sa kaniya. Sa nasabing kapitang Amerikano (heneral si Tirona) si Tirona ay naglingkod bilang tagalinis ng sapatos at tagapaglinis ng opisina.

MARIANO NORIEL

Ang Lagda ng Kamatayan

Pagkatapos ng kumbensiyon sa Tejeros, nagbalak ang supremo na muling I-organisa ang kaniyang puwersa sa pagpupulong na naganap sa casa hacienda sa Naic, Cavite. Sa nasabing pagpupulong kaniyang itinalaga sina heneral Pio del Pilar at Mariano Noriel na na maging pinuno ng hukbong mapaghimagsik (na hiwalay sa Tejeros).

Ngunit ang nasabing pulong ay natuklasan ni Aguinaldo at nakita niya na ang kaniyang dalawang heneral sa paksiyong Magdalo na sina Noriel at Tirona ay kasama sa pagpupulong ni Bonifacio. Ipinatawag ni Aguinaldo ang dalawa at kanilang sinabi na "nilinlang lamang sila ni Bonifacio" at muling nakilahok sa pangkating Magdalo.

Dahilan sa naganap na pagpupulong ni Bonifacio sa Naic ay natanto ng mga Magdalo na ang supremo Bonifacio ay isang tinik sa kanilang lalamunan at banta sa bagong tatag na rebolusyonaryong pamahalaan. Nadakip ang magkapatid na Bonifacio sa Sito ng Limbon, Indang, Cavite, pagkatapos ng isang sagupaan na ikinamatay ni Ciriaco Bonifacio at labis na ikinasugat ng Supremo. Mula sa Indang, dinala ang mga bihag sa Naic, Cavite upang litisin ng tribunal militar na pinamumunuan ni Heneral Mariano Noriel. Ang paglilitis ay nagsimula ng Abril 29, 1897 at inilipat sa Maragondon noong Mayo 4, 1897. Ngunit ang aktwal na paglilitis ay naganap noong Mayo 5, 1897 at ng sumunod na araw ay nakapagpalabas na ng hatol na kamatayan ang tribunal militar.

Nang iharap kay Aguinaldo ang desisyon ukol sa hatol na kamatayan laban sa magkapatid na Andres at Procorpio Bonifacio, nagpalabas si Aguinaldo ng kautusan na nagbabawi ng kaparusahang kamatayan sa magkapatid na Bonifacio kapalit ang kaparusahang pagpapatapon na lamang. Ngunit sina Noriel at del Pilar ang pumilit kay Aguinaldo na hayaan na lamang na manaig ang desisyong iginawad ng tribunal militar "alang-alang sa kapakanan ng himagsikan."

Noong Mayo 10, 1897, si Major Lazaro Makapagal ay ipinatawag ni Heneral Noriel, pinagsama ng ilang tauhan , may iniabot na sulat, inutusan na kunin ang mga preso at dalhin sa bundok Tala. Sinunod ni Makapagal ang utos at dinala ang magkapatid na preso sa kabundukan ng Maragondon. Bago pa man marating ang bundok Tala ay pinilit ni Bonifacio si Makapagal na basahin ang sulat. Nang buksan ang sulat ay natagpuan nila ang ganitong nilalaman.

Major Makapagal,

Sang-ayon sa kauusan ng Sangguniang Pandigma na ginanap sa Maragondon noong Mayo 8 laban sa magkapatid na Andres at Procorpio Bonifacio, na hinatulan na patayin sa pamamagitan ng pagbaril, ikaw ay inuutusan na ipatupad ang nasabing kahatulan.

Ikaw sa pamamagitan nito ay binabalaan na anumang pagpapabaya o kawalan ng ingat na iyong magagawa sa pagpapatupad ng kautuasng ito, ikaw ay mananagot at pasasailalim ng higpit ng mga batas na nakapaloob sa Kodigo ng Hukumang Militar Pang-Espanyol.

Banatayan ka nawa ng Diyos sa maraming mga taon.

(Lagda) M. Noriel

Maragondon, Mayo 10, 1897

Nang mabasa ito ni Makapagal at narinig ito ni Bonifacio ay hindi sila kapwa makapaniwala. Maging ang nakakahigit na ebalwasyon ng paglilitis sa kaso ng supremo ay nauwi sa isang konklusyon na ang mga akusasyon ay higit na hindi kapanipaniwala.

Mapagbirong Wakas

Ngunit mayroong naganap na kabalintunaan sa kasaysayan para kay Heneral Mariano Noriel pagkatapos ng 12 taon. Noong 1909, sa panahon ng pamamahala ng mga Amerikano, si Noriel ay inakusahan ng salang pagpatay kasama ng kaniyang dalawang tauhan na sina Luis Landas (alcalde ng Bacoor, Cavite) at Roman Malabanan.

Noong Marso 23, 1914, hinatulan si Noriel at ang kaniyang mga kasamahan ng parusang kamatayan sa kabila ng hinala ng marami na ang pagkakasangkot ni Noriel sa kasong pagpatay ay gawa-gawa lamang.

Noong Enero 27, 1915, si Heneral Noriel na lumagda ng kautusan ng pagbitay sa magkapatid na Bonifacio ay binitay din sa Piitan ng Bilibid sa Maynila. Katulad ng supremo Bonifacio, namatay si Noriel na hindi niya matanggap ang pagiging matuwid ng hatol ng hukuman.

Napakahusay ng pagbibiro ng kasaysayan, ang lalaking lumagda sa kautusan ng pagbitay kay Bonifacio ay inilakad din ang huling hakbang ng kaniyang mga paa patungo sa andamyo ng bitayan, kasama ng kaniyang dalawang kaibigan.


Saturday, July 5, 2008

Capitana Vicenta

By HAMMON H. BUCK

CERTAIN scientists have advanced the suggestion that a matriarchal form of society formerly existed in the Philippines. The strongest argument in favor of this contention seems to be the Filipina woman's superiority over the man in the financial affairs of the family. The average male American thinks his womenfolk are well treated if he makes them a fixed allowance and pays on his own account the monthly bills for rent, groceries, heat, light, water, etc. Occasionally the lady of the house will have a checking account and settle monthly the ordinary household expenses, but the number and variety of jokes one reads in the funny papers, illustrating woman's inability to keep a record of her income and outlay, illustrate the man's opinion of woman's efficiency in financial matters. In the average Filipino family, however, the woman is supreme in money matters. If the man of the house draws a salary, he is expected to turn it over to his spouse intact or nearly so on the evening of each payday.

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Principle Versus Policy

BY HAMMON H. BUCK
Author of "Capitan Baltazar"

CAPITAN BALTAZAR was fond of repeating the story of the old Spaniard who was crossing a deep ravine on a rotten log. THE SPANIARD AND GOD AND THE DEVIL The Spaniard, according to the tale, was half way across before he realized how precarious was his support. He hesitated. There was no room to turn around and go back, and he reasoned correctly that to proceed would be no more dangerous than to retrace his steps. He thought of death and from thinking of death, although he was not religiously inclined, he recalled his Maker. Instinctively he voiced his thoughts, "El Dios es bueno" (God is good), and stepping carefully, holding his breath, he advanced toward the other side. Another thought struck him. Perhaps the devil would resent his calling on the Lord, and, with a view toward forestalling any act of revenge from the arch fiend he exhaled, "El Demonio no es malo" (The devil is not bad).

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Thursday, July 3, 2008

The birth of the Philippine National Anthem



ROSES & THORNS
By Alejandro R. Roces


Thursday, June 5, 2008

This day, June 5, in the year 1898, historical accounts tell of General Emilio Aguinaldo being visited by a young pianist and composer, a Caviteno by the name of Julian Felipe. He brought with him a letter written by General Mariano Trias, introducing him as a good musician and composer. Felipe was then asked to play a musical composition, Hymno de Balintawak, which was composed by a Filipino musician in Hongkong where Aguinaldo had been in exile. General Aguinaldo was then looking for a composition that embodies the noble ideals of the Filipino, something that would inspire the people to fight against foreign invaders. He was not quite satisfied with the composition although it sounded good. The next day, Aguinaldo told Felipe, "It is not what I'm looking for. I want something more stirring and majestic". This was a week before the scheduled proclamation of the Philippine independence in Kawit. Felipe labored on the new composition during the next six days and nights. On the eve of the proclamation, Felipe played his composition in the presence of Aguinaldo and two other revolutionary generals. They were aptly impressed and approved it as the Filipino Republic's national anthem, calling it "Marcha Nacional-Magdalo".

As historical books narrated it, when General Aguinaldo proclaimed the country's independence on June 12, 1898, the "soul-inspiring masterpiece without lyrics" was played by the music band of San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias, Cavite), while the Filipino flag (made in Hongkong, red, white and blue with the sun shining through) was being hoisted outside the central window of the Aguinaldo ancestral home which still stands now in Kawit, Cavite. Being a Marcha, no one sang it, because it had no wordings then.

Julian Felipe drew inspiration from his country's sufferings. He expressed his love for his country with his music. From his pen flowed many beautiful musical pieces, such as Amoria Danza, Cintas y Flores Rigodones, Matete al Santissimo, Philippines, My Philippines. He composed Un Recuerdo which he dedicated to the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite, with whom he was almost killed. His Marcha Filipina-Magdalo, became the national anthem of the Philippines, his legacy to his country.

Six months after the proclamation of Philippine Independence in Kawit, in December 1898, the Philippines was ceded by Spain to the United States of America in the Treaty of Paris. The Filipinos found themselves under the rule of the Americans. In February of 1899, the Filipino-American War erupted. The revolution and the fightings moved a 23-year old poet-soldier of the revolution, Jose Palma, to compose a poem entitled "Filipinas". This was first published during the first anniversary of the Declaration of Independence published in La Independencia, the Filipino Republic's organ on September 3, 1899 in Bautista, Pangasinan. The lyrics perfectly matched the Philippine National Anthem.



Palma's original Spanish lyrics underwent several English and Tagalog translations. In 1918, Senator Camilo Osias translated "Filipinas" into English. In 1938, the National Assembly enacted a law confirming the Philippine National Anthem that will be coterminous with the life of the country. In 1943, the poets Julian Cruz Balmaceda and Ildefonso Santos translated it into Tagalog. In 1956, a new version penned by the Surian ng Wikang Pambansa (Institute of National Language) was adopted. Entitled "Lupang Hinirang," it was declared by President Ramon Magsaysay on May 26, 1956, as the official Tagalog version of the Philippine National Anthem.

A timeless musical legacy is now our national treasure. It speaks of our beginnings, without which we will not be what we are now. May we never forget to tell our children one of the most beautiful stories in the history of our country.

http://philstar.com/index.php?Opinion&p=49&type=2&sec=25&aid=20080604116

Saturday, June 28, 2008

ROMAN BASA (1848-1897)

ROMAN BASA, a native of San Roque, Cavite, was probably the first Caviteño to break away from Andres Bonifacio. Prof.Teodoro A. Agoncillo, the Bonofacio biographer, says that Basa, second president of the Katipunan, was “ deposed” by Bonifacio early in 1895 because he was “ as ineffectual as Deodato Arellano,” the first Katipunan president. But another historical research reveals that Basa “ voluntarily withdraw himself from the Katipunan…because he never liked the way the Supremo (Bonifacio) spent the money of the Katipunan – money which he (Basa) believed should be used for the future objectives of the society.”

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FRANCISCO BARGAZA (1873- )


WHEN the Philippine Revolution broke out in August 1896, Placido Campos was the captain municipal of Dasmariñas, Cavite, and Francisco Barzaga the municipal secretary. Together they liberated the town from Spanish control beginning September 3, four days after the capture of the tribunal of Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit) by Emilio Aguinaldo and his Voluntarios.

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MARCELINO AURE (1863-1930)

It was in the battle of Talisay, Batangas, about the end of September 1896 that Marcelino F. Aure, whose symbolic Katipunan name was Alapaap (Cloud) and commander of some 30 bolomen from Mendez, Cavite, that he gained distinction for bravery and amazing magical power to ward off bullets. Standing in the middle of the road leading to the Talisay convent, Aure caused the Spaniards to concentrate their attacks on him, thus enabling his soldiers to break through enemy defense and capture their target.

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SANTIAGO ALVAREZ (1872-1930)

SON OF Mariano Alvarez, capitan municipal of Noveleta, Santiago Alvarez was only 24 years old when the Philippine Revolution broke out in August 1896. He was pursuing his Bachelor of Arts course at the Letran College preparatory to a teaching career, when the Katipunan secret society, of which he was the Delegado General in Cavite, was discovered, prompting Andres Bonifacio and his followers to take the field quite prematurely.

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MARIANO ALVAREZ (1831-1934)

Marino Avarez was one of the oldest leaders of the Philippine Revolution. Born on August 19,1831 (another source says March 15, 1818, which was improbable), Alvarez was 65 when the revolution broke out. He was older than General Licerio Topacio of Imus by eight years.

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PASCUAL ALVAREZ (1861-1923)

OF THE three famous Alvarez of Noveleta who became generals of the revolution – Mariano, Santiago, and Pascual – the last never had any formal education. The son of Sebastian Alvarez, a cochero (rig driver), and Juana de Jesus, a dressmaker, both natives of Noveleta, Cavite, Pascual Alvarez was a self-made man. When still a small tyke, Pascual was taken by his godfather, Maestro Luis, to Caridad, then an independent town before its incorporation into the municipality of Cavite (now Cavite City), where he somehow learned the rudiments of reading and writing. That was all. Pascual grew up into manhood and then returned to Noveleta.

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SEVERINO DE LAS ALAS (1851-1918)

A NOTED lawyer and educator, Severino de las Alas, the fourth regular delegate of Cavite to the Malolos Congress, was born on January 8, 1851, in Indang, Cavite, the son of illustrious parents, Eugenio de las Alas and Evarista Mojica.

After finishing his early education in his hometown, de las Alas continued studies in the Letran College in Manila where he obtained a Bachelor in Arts degree. He then transferred to the University of Sto. Tomas where he finished the law course.

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EMILIO AGUINALDO (1869-1964)

Only a full-length biography can do justice Emilio Aguinaldo, who liberated his county and people from more than three centuries of Spanish domination. His life spanned nearly one century – nine five years – doubtless he most significant period in the history of the Philippines.

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CRISPULO AGUINALDO (1836-1897)

Crispulo Aguinaldo, the elder brother of Emilio Aguinaldo, paid the supreme sacrifice so that the latter could take his oath as newly elected President of the revolutionary Government established in the Tejeros Convention, March 22, 1897. It was the costliest oath taking in the history of the Philippines.

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BALDOMERO AGUINALDO (1869 – 1915)

The first cousin of General Emilio Aguinaldo and his right hand man. General Baldomero Aguinaldo was the president of the Magdalo Council, which was established in Imus, Cavite. With Baldomero holding the top executive position, Emilio was free to concentrate his genius on the military effort to foil Spanish attempts to recapture Cavite from the Filipino revolutionists and eventually free the country from alien domination.

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Wednesday, June 25, 2008

My Experiences as a Teacher in the Philippines (1900-1903)


Moses D. Flint

In August of 1899 I was mustered out of the service as the regiment was about to return home and I had decided to try my fortune in the Philippines.


One day in August, 1900 upon receiving a letter from Mr. Atkinson, who was then at the head of the schools in Manila, I called at his office and accepted a position as teacher in the Second Tondo boys School where I taught for two months.

In November of 1900 there was branching out of the school system and upon request I was sent into the provinces. My first location was Cavite Viejo, the home of Don Emilio Aguinaldo.

I found there had been a so-called Spanish school in the town in which had been taught the Catholic catechism, a few prayers also in Spanish and something of manners, together with a very little of numbers. The building had been destroyed during the uprising of 1896 and the school had deteriorated even below its former low standard of instruction. The man I found in charge was ignorant old fisherman who had picked up a little Spanish in Manila. He would catch fish in the morning and about ten a.m. would come home and hear the children repeat their exercises in Spanish pronunciation and the catechism.

It was truly a novel sight to see the old man dressed in nothing but a pair of coarse pantaloons with the legs rolled up above his knees, sitting propped up against a post, mending his net, with the betel nut juice trickling down the corners of his mouth and the cigarette smoke curling above his matted chair, while he assumed the character of a teacher.

The children studied their exercises out loud in concert and could be heard more than a block away shouting at the top of their voices: "a-b ab, i-b ib, e-b, eb, o-b ob, u-b ub". They had been kept at this senseless work day after day, week in and week out, during the whole year.

The place used for a schoolhouse was the under part of the fisherman's bamboo house. It was low, uncoiled, with a mud floor, and open to the weather. In one corner was tied a pig, while on the posts were nests occupied in part by patient old biddies. there was also the ever prevalent, half-starved dog always under foot.

Upon entering, the sign which met my eyes was not one calculated to insure enthusiasm in the work. Some of the little half-clothed younsters were eating raw turnips, others were smoking the inevitable cigarette, some were having a good time gambling with pennies, while a few were shouting their lessons. Out of this confusion, I must bring order: with this material I must organize a school.

The people were very anxious to learn the new language and seemed willing to help, but when it came to supplying an adequate building and paying Filipino assistants, they were absolutely helpless. They looked to the government for everything. There seemed to be some excuse for their inability to help in this way for they had just passed through four years of almost continuous fighting and privations and had little to give but poverty.

The people were exceedingly poor and many children came to school with only an abbreviated shirt for clothing. These were, of course, sent home and in many cases could not return because the parents were too poor to clothe them. The people in the early days took the new government as natural consequence and looked to it for everything of a general nature, remaining indifferent or blaming it if it failed to keep the peace or punish offenders; but always neglecting to give any help in bringing these things about.

Toward education they were eager to show their appreciation and loud in their praises of it. The town officers would send out policemen to gather the children into the schools when they played truant or were kept away by their parents. The people seemed to think that an education was easily and quickly acquired and after one had finished, he need never work any more. Coupled with this was the Spanish belief that a gentleman never did manual labor. they were scandalized when I took hold and began making desks for the schoolroom.

In 1902 I was transferred to Alfonso, a town in the hills of southern Cavite, where the work of starting the schools had to be begun all over again. I selected some young people in the town and taught them the lessons they should teach the children the next day and giving them instruction in the evening and after school hours, I succeeded in fitting them for teachings in the primary grades.

No Americans were nearer than Indang, seven miles away, and for months at a time I would see no one who could speak English. I was obliged to learn Tagalog in order to make myself understood.

The greatest difficulties were encountered in finding school buildings and preparing the Filipino teachers for there was very little money available. It took weary months of extra work to prepare the teachers for their duties. We had teachers' classes after school hours and in the evenings and at last opened up schools in the barrios of Bailin, Magallanes and Mendez Nunez. The people of the barrios put up provisional buildings. Civil government had been established and was being appropriated for schools but the demand for new schools was greater than we could possibly supply.

The methods of instruction were very similar to those in vogue now. The pupils were first taught a number of words by the use of objects and a few action words. Then the use of these words was taught by means of conversational exercises. After this the questions and answers were written by the pupils, either copied or by dictation. The child taught to read and each new word was treated in the same way. The pupil learned to read, write and use the word the same day. Of course the pupils were older than those generally found in the first grade today. The children had a tendency to commit whole pages of the text and repeat them without any knowledge of their meaning.

As for discipline, I have never found any trouble except that at times the Filipino teachers had to be cautioned against being too severe.

Those early years were full of interesting work and even though there were hardships, privations and disappointments, I look back to them with pleasure. We, the pioneer of the work, feel that we helped lay the foundation stones of our present efficient educational system.

Sunday, June 22, 2008

THE BANISHED PRIME MINISTER

Percy A. Hill


IN the year 1677, there arrived at Manila, on the galleon San Telmo-which made a rather fortunate voyage across the vast Pacific for those days-a celebrated personage consigned as a prisoner of state to the fortress of San Felipe in Cavite. He was Don Fernando de Valenzuela, knight of Santiago, grandee of Spain, Marquis de Villasierra, Count of Pinares, etc., etc., among other things prime minister of Spain. This gentleman had been so favored by fortune that he trusted she would never forsake him, but he had overplayed his hand. Of noble lineage and bearing, he was skilled in his youth in the military service, but abandoned this career for that of the courtier and ambassador. Speaking Latin, French, and Italian, and naturally endowed with tact and diplomacy, he had been introduced to the Queen Mother by Cardinal Nitard, and was soon a favorite at court...

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Friday, June 20, 2008

LUIS AGUADO (1863 – 1896)


Luis Aguinaldo, 33, was one of the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite who were arrested by the Spaniards as an aftermath of the uprisings in San Francisco de Malabon (now General Trias), Noveleta and Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit) on August 31, 1896. Occurring one after the other within a period of five hours, 10 A.M to 3 P.M these three-armed incidents constituted the “First City of Cavite”, the local counterpart of the “City of Pugad Lawin” on August 23.

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THE ROJASES OF CAVITE

From:http://www.freewebs.com/rojasofcavite/chineseheritage.htm


Domingo Rojas came to the Philippines on a boat from Canton, China (according to Teofilo Rojas, son of Modesto Rojas ) when he was still a young boy. He had nine siblings and they came here because there was much grief and strife in China then. Domingo's original surname was Go Pao and he took on the Spanish surname of his godfather,Rojas, when he was baptized into Catholicism. Domingo's family brought their wealth ,mostly gold, here with them . It must have been around the mid to late 19th century when young Domingo arrived in the Philippines and his first stop was Silang. Ka Pilo (Teofilo Rojas) told me more than 12 years ago that there were 2 gentlemen with caps and queues who accompanied him here. Who they were, Ka Pilo didn't also know.

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Friday, January 18, 2008

GUILLERMO A. BAYAN

Makabayang Guro ng Intermedia ng Indang

Magmula sa pagkakatayo ng intermedia ng Indang hanggang sa pag-alis ni Joseph Cocannouer ay parang lumilitaw na tila ang mga principal na Amerikano lamang ang nagpatakbo ng paaralan. Sa kabilang dako, sa panahon ng panunungkulan ng mga principal na Amerikano ay nandoon sa kanilang likuran ang isang gurong Pilipino na naglingkod sa paaralan magmula 1907 hanggang 1917 – Si Guillermo Bayan. Ang kabanatang ito ay isang paglalagom sa isinulat na manuskrito ni Mr. Ambrosio Bayan ukol sa kasaysayan kaniyang ama.

Si Guillermo Bayan ay ipinanganak noong Hunyo 25, 1874 sa Silang, Cavite, sa mag-asawang Macario Bayan ng Silang at Anastacia Ancanan ng Amadeo. Nag-aral ng pagkaguro sa Escuela Normal mula 1888 hanggang 1893. Pagkatapos ng pag-aaral siya ay naitalagang guro sa Amadeo, Cavite noong Mayo 31, 1893 na may buwanang suweldong P 12.00. Pagkatapos ng ilang buwan ay pansamantalang naitalagang nagturo sa lalawigan ng Albay noong Disyembre 17, 1893 na may buwanang suweldong P 17.00 . Noong Enero 31, 1894 ay nakatanggap ng pagkakatalaga upang magturo sa bayan ng Silang, na buwanang sahod P 17.00.

Habang nagtuturo sa Silang, si Maestrong Emong ay inabutan ng himagsikan ng 1896 at nakilahok sa mapagpalayang kilusan ng bayan sa nasabing kapanahunan. Naglingkod bilang opisyal ng rebolusyonaryong hukbo na nagtatanggol sa Silang, Cavite. Nakasama ni Aguinaldo noong 1897 sa Mahabang Martsa mula Maragondon at naiwan sa Cabangaan, Silang, Cavite habang sina Aguinaldo ay nagtungo sa Biyak na Bato. Ang kaniyang pakikibahagi sa madugong pakikipaglaban ng bayan laban ay nagtagal hanggang sa panahon pa nang pananakop ng mga Amerikano hanggang sa siya ay sumuko sa taong 1901.


Pagbabalik sa Pagtuturo

Sa pagsuko ni Maestrong Emong sa mga Amerikano, siya ay naatasan na maglingkod sa pamahalaang sibil bilang guro. Isa siya sa mga unang nag-aral sa Silang bilang aspirante sa ilalim ng mga gurong Amerikano upang sanayin sa paggamit ng wikang Ingles na magiging bagong medium sa pagtuturo sa mga paaralang bayan. Dumalo ng serye ng mga Normal Institute na kalimitan na isinasagawa sa magkahiwalay na lugar sa lalawigan ng Cavite. Isa sa mga Normal Institute na kaniyang nadaluhan ay ang isinagawa sa Indang noong Oktubre 3 hanggang 31, 1904 kung saan ang kaniyang sertipiko ng pagdalo ay nilagdaan ng principal nang nasabing institute na si C. J. Anderson. Naipasa ni Maestrong Emong ang pagsusulit na ibinigay ng Lupon ng Serbisyo Sibil para sa mga gurong Pilipino na ginanap noong Disyembre 27 – 28, 1904.

Noong Hunyo 1, 1905, naitalaga si Maestrong Emong bilang guro “Class K” na may taunang suweldo na $180. Hindi matiyak ni Mr. Ambrosio Bayan kung saan naitalaga ang kaniyang ama, subalit ang Bulletin No. 25 ay nagpapakita na ito ay nakatalaga bilang In-charge sa paaralang baryo ng Amadeo.


Maestrong Emong:
Gurong Pilipino sa Intermedia ng Indang

Noong Mayo 25, 1909 si Maestrong Emong ay naitalaga bilang guro “Class H” na may taunang suweldo na P 720.00. Isinasaad sa dokumento ng pagtatalaga na ang kaniyang istasyon ay ang Indang, Cavite. Ang huling dokumento ng pagtatalaga sa kaniya ay may petsang Enero 1, 1915, itinatalaga sa posisyong bilang guro “Class G” na mayroong taunang suweldo na P 840.00. Ispisipikong isinaad sa pagtatalaga na ang kaniyang istasyon ay ang Indang Farm School. Nagretiro sa pagtuturo noong 1917 at tumanggap ng pensiyon mula sa pamahalaan at hinarap ang kaniyang nalalabing panahon ng kaniyang buhay sa pagsasaka.

Sa loob ng mahabang panahon ng kaniyang pagtuturo bilang guro sa Amadeo at Indang Farm School. Ang kaniyang mga mag-aaral ay nagmula sa mga bayan ng mataas na lupa ng Cavite, Mula sa Indang, Silang, Amadeo, Mendez, Alfonso, Bailen, at Magallanes. Nakilala siya ng naglahong henerasyon ng mga mamayan sa lugar na ito bilang “Maestrong Emong.”

Samantalang nagtuturo sa Indang, muli siyang nag-asawa kay Engracia Penales na isang guro sa paaralang ng Indang. Ang mga naging anak ng mga-asawa ay sina Ambrosio, Virginia, Lauro, Macario, at Aurora. Sa pag-aaral na ito ay tiniyak ng kaniyang apo na sina Ambrocio at Virginia ay kapwa isinilang sa bayan ng Indang.

Ang kaniyang mga naging kasabayan sa pagtuturo na sina Jose Ambalada, Fernando Matro, Mariano Mondenedo ng Indang Farm School, Carlos Bayot ng Amadeo, Luis Litonjua ng Cavite. Maging ang mga batang henerasyon ng mga guro na katulad nina Estaban Velasco, Maestrang Tonya (Antonia Mercado, kapatid ni Felisa Mercado), Francisco Llamado, Simeon Madlangsakay at maraming iba pa.


Maestrong Emong Pagkatapos
ng Pagtuturo sa Indang Farm School

Ang pagreretiro ni Maestrong Emong sa pagtuturo ay nagbigay daan naman upang makapag-ambag siya ng malaki para sa pagpapabuti ng kalagayan ng Silang. Sa taong 1917 ay pinangasiwaan niya ang pagpapatayo ng monumento ni Rizal sa bayan ng Silang na natapos at pinasinayaan noong Enero 13, 1918. Si Maestrong Emong ang isa sa nagbigay ng talumpati para sa nasabing okasyon. Sa kapanahunang iyon na ang Pilipinas ay kolonya ng Amerika at watawat ng ating bansa ay pinagbabawal pang iwagayway sa ilalim ng ating langit ay naipahayag niya ang kaniyang nasyonalitikong talumpati na nagsasaad ng ganito:

“Sa pagtatayo natin ng monumentong ito ay nakatupad tayo ng isa sa pinakadaquilang tungculin ng mga anac ng isang bayan… Ang monumentong ito ay siyang magsisiwalat sa mga panahong susunod na tayong mga anac ng Bayan, ay hindi humihiwalay at hindi makakahiwalay sa sinimulang gawain ng ating mga bayani; na pagtuklas sa catubusan ng ating Bayan. Na ang landas na canilang nilacaran ay siya rin nating aalinsunurin, na ang kanilang mga bacas ay siya rin nating gagawin; na ang adjika, nais at dalangin na kanilang pinamuhunan ng buhay ay siya rin nating ipagtatanggol at paglalaanan ng lahat kung ito ang Quinacailangan.”



“Ang monumentong ito ay parang isang aclat na quinatatalaan ng mga ibeg nating ipagbilen at ipatupad sa mga liping susunod sa atin. Mauunawaan ng ating mga inanac kung ano ang lihim na nacacuble sa mahiwaga niyang anyo,

Ang monumentong iyan ay siyang magpapa-ala-ala, magtuturo, at magpapatupad sa mga dapat gawain ng bawat anac ng bayan. Siya’y magbibigay ng lacas sa mga nghihina, sigla sa mga nanglulupaypay, loob sa mga nawawalan ng diwa, tapang sa pinapasukan ng Sindac, at pag-asa sa ibeg lisanin ng paniniwala.

Sumali si Maestrong Emong sa pulitika bilang miyembro ng Partido Democrata na pinamumunuan ni Claro M. Recto at ang partido ang siya noong oposisyon sa pamahalaan. Nahalal noong 1918 sa pagka-konsehal ng Silang at nanatili sa nabanggit na posisyon hanggang sa kaniyang kamatayan noong Nobyembre 10, 1926.


Repleksiyon Ukol Sa Pagkaguro
ni Maestrong Emong

Si Maestrong Emong ang maituturing na isa sa mahalagang tuklas sa pag-aaral ng kasaysayan pang-edukasyon sa lalawigan ng Cavite. Isang guro na ang propesyon ay nag-overlap sa tatlong mahalagang panahon sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Nag-umpisa sa kaniyang pagtatapos sa Escuela Normal sa Maynila na nakilala sa kapanahunang iyon na lumilikha ng mga progresibong gurong na naglalayon na hanguin ang sistema ng kolonyal na edukasyon sa isang mapanupil at mga hindi mapagparayang mga patakaran.[1]

Ang pakikilahok ni Maestrong Emong sa himagsikang Pilipino noong 1896-1898 ay kahahayagan ng kaniyang komitment sa pagpapalaya ng bayan. Ang pagpapatuloy ng kaniyang pakikibaka sa anyo ng pakikidigmang gerilya laban sa mga mananakop na Amerikano noong 1899 at 1901 ay indikasyon ng kaniyang hangarin para sa preserbasyon ng kalayaan na natamo na nang bayan at noon ay inaagaw ng Amerika.[2] Sumuko si Maestrong Emong sa mga Amerikanong mananakop dahilan na rin sa pakiusap ng mga kaibigan at namuhay sa ilalim ng bagong bandila at sumunod sa panibagong dayuhang pamahalaan.


Binalikan ni Maestrong Emong ang pagtuturo na pilit na ginagamit ang bagong wika na maaring hindi niya ganap na natutunan. Nagturo ng primarya sa mga taong 1902 hanggang malipat sa intermedia ng Indang noong 1907. Kung pag-aaralan ang relasyon ng kaniyang eksistensiya bilang guro sa intermedia ng Indang hanggang sa kaniyang pagreretiro ay makikita na siya ay kakabit ng institusyon at mga naging principal nito. Naging estudyante ni C. J. Anderson sa Normal Institute sa Indang noong 1904. Napailalim siya sa pamumuno ni Harry J. Hawkins noong ito ay supervising teacher pa ng Silang. Naabutan pa niya ang huling taon ng pangangasiwa ni C. E. Workman at ang kobersiyon ng intermedia ng Indang bilang isang agricultural school. Naging pinuno niya si Henry Wise at Joseph A. Cocannouer. Nilisan niya ang paaralan nang magtagumpay ang patakarang Pagsasapilipino at maisalin ang intermedia kay Mr. Mariano Mondeńedo. Limitado na lamang ang mga natitira pang anekdota ng kaniyang pagiging guro sa intermedia ng Indang. Subalit matitiyak na sa nakalipas, bilang isa sa pinakamatagal na guro sa paaralan ay nagkaroon siya ng malaking inpluwensiya sa pagpapatupad ng mga patakaran ng mga Amerikanong principal sa institusyon.

Tanging panahon na lamang ang magbubunyag ng mga karagdagang inpormasyon sa ginampanan niyang papel bilang guro ng paaralan, subalit matitiyak na mayroong siyang malaking pagtitiwala sa kakayahan ng paaralan na kaniyang pinagturuan. Mararamdaman ito sa kaniyang ginawang pag-papaaral sa ang kaniyang anak na si Paterno Bayan na nagtapos intermedia ng Indang noong 1919[3] at sa kaniyang anak na si Ambrocio Bayan.[4]


Sa pag-aaral sa naging carrer ni Maestrong Emong bilang guro ay maaring makita ang kaniyang pagsunod sa bagong mananakop. Subalit sa kaniyang talumpati sa pagtatayo ng monumento ni Rizal sa bayan ng Silang ay masasalamin na hindi namamatay ang apoy ng himagsikan na nakatago sa kaibuturan ng kaniyang puso – ang katubusan ng bayan na dapat harapin ng mga susunod na henerasyon. Isang bagay ang sasaliksikn ng susunod na henerasyon at ito ay kung ano ang epekto ng nakatagong kaisipang liberetarian sa kaniyang pagtuturo at mga mag-aaral. Maging sa larangan ng pulitika ay pinili ni Maestrong Emong ang partidong oposisyon sa pamahalaang Amerikano na pinamumunuan ni Claro M. Recto.

Sa pagwawakas ng kabanatang ito ay ipinapaalam ng nagsasaliksik sa mga mambabasa na noong Hunyo 2006 ay binuksan ng Cavite State University ang isang sa kaniyang mga sangay sa Silang, Cavite. Isang kabalintunaan na wala sinuman sa loob ng pamantasan ang nakakilala at nakakaalam na 99 ang nakalipas si Maestrong Emong ng Silang, Cavite ay dumating at nagturo sa intermedia ng Indang at ang mapagbirong pagkakataon ay tila ibinabalik ng Indang ang kaniyang kautangan sa bayan ng Silang na pinagmulan niya ng kaniyang makabayang guro.

Darating ang isang panahon, hindi magiging kataka-taka na ang kampus ng Cavite State University sa Silang, Cavite ay tawaging Guillermo Bayan Campus.