EDREPORT - DIVISION OF CAVITE 1903

Mr. Hammon H,. Buck

Mr. H. H. Buck, division superintendent of Cavite, makes the following report upon the school work in his province for the period therein covered: The last year has been one of calamities for Cavite Province.

After the scourge of cholera came those of drought and grasshoppers. The ignorant, fatalistic barrio people seemed, in some districts, to abandon themselves to what they considered the will of God, and refused to take measures for their own salvation. The councilmen of one town argued that it was a mistake to kill the grasshoppers which were destroving their crops, alleging that for every one killed 10 more came into existence. This should not be taken as a reflection on the intelligence of the people of Cavite Province, as in the same town where it occurred there was no lack of men who tried to convince the council of their mistake, but when a poor countryman would see miles of grasshoppers in procession, the leaders filling, in a few hours, the pitfalls made to destroy them, and the remainder trooping over the bodies to attack the hopes of the year's work, it was difficult for him to believe that there was not something supernatural in such a calamity.

Ladronism, always a factor in Cavite Province, has been greatly augmented by the misery of the people. The constabulary has not proven itself capable of coping with the problem. Speaking generally, the officers that compose the force are not men that can win,.by their personal qualities, the respect of the people. I remark this because it was the policy of the army to accomplish, by tact and diplomacy, what force could not do. The Filipino is essentially an emotional being, and his likes and dislikes influence him more than his reason. The deduction is clear. Men are needed in the force who will, by tact and good management, win the affection of the people, and thus be able to wield a personal influence on the side of the government.

Furthermore, the constabulary officer is very often not in accord with the policy of the government, and frets under the restrictions imposed by law. Complaints of abuses are too often taken as a sign of disaffection on the part of the one who complains, instead of an honest effort to remedy an evil. The result of this is men who in military times rendered great aid to the government are now generally discredited by the constabulary and are, for their part, thoroughly disgusted with the turn affairs have taken.

On the other hand, the best friend of the Filipino must admit that the people of Cavite Province have not in general that respect for the rights of others that makes free government a possibility. The public conscience has not developed sufficiently to make a just administration of affairs possible without rigid inspection. Moreover, the uncertainty regarding the disposition of the friar lands has a tendency to prolong the disorder and prevent the extinction of the bands and their most noted leaders. A state of threatened disorder will effectually prevent either the return of the friars or investment by land companies-contingencies very distasteful to the average Cavitenflo. However, after all is said, there remains a great number of intelligent, patriotic Filipinos in Cavite Province ready to place themselves on the side of law and order. It is necessary only that the government institute a strong, just, and understanding policy by which these men may be encouraged and protected, and the affairs of Cavite Province will bear a different aspect.

FINANCES.

The school funds for the year 1903, as estimated from the revised land assessment, are $13,297.55, against $9,040.83 for the year of 1902. This increase is the result of the raising of the land valuation by the provincial board of tax revision, established under Act 582 of the Civil Commission. A fairly intimate knowledge, however, of the conditions existing in the province leads me to fear that the collection will fall far short of this estimate. It seems particularly unfortunate that there should be any increase in the taxes at this time, when the people are relatively far less able to pay them than last year. Moreover, from the very nature of the duties of this board, injustices are inevitable when any such general increase is brought about; and there seems to be no means provided whereby these mistakes may be rectified. Clearly, if the purpose of the tax revision was to equalize the burden, it has signally failed in its end; while if to increase the revenue, indications are that this year, at least, the result will fall much short of the expectations.

In the supervision of expenditures of school funds there has been a certain degree of looseness on the part of the division superintendent, which it has been found necessary to correct. Not that illegal expenditures have been allowed, but the superintendent has in his office no data by which he can tell the amount of money on hand at any stated period. To remedy this circulars have been sent to the various presidentes asking for a current account of expenses at the end of each month.

The relation between the different municipalities and the division superintendent in regard to the expenditures have been of the most pleasant sort. As a rule, before increasing the monthly expenses, even in the case of the salary of a teacher, the council is communicated with and given an opportunity to advance any objection which they may have. By these means the division superintendent has been able to get the benefit of their more local knowledge and generally to act with their support and approval. An effort is being made in some towns of the province to save sufficient funds to construct schoolhouses, but with the constant demand for schools in the barrios and for increases of salary on the part of the Filipino teachers, it is difficult to tell how much the present should be sacrificed to the future.

AMERICAN TEACHERS.

The number of American teachers in the province has decreased by reason of resignations and transfers from 28 to the present number of 21. Of these, two resigned-one on account of ill health which necessitated his return to the States, the other on account of marriage. The remaining five were lost through transfers.

Most of the teachers in the province seem to be satisfied with their work and their prospects; though the loss from resignations during the coming year will probably be larger than during the past twelve months, as many of the teachers will finish the term of their contract and return to the States to continue their studies or accept other positions.

There has been considerable difficulty at times in finding suitable stations for ladies, and the majority of the complaints have been on this score. Under the existing conditions, it is certainly not advisable to increase the number of female teachers. The relation between the American teachers and the patrons of the schools has invariably been pleasant. The presidente of Indang, who has always shown himself to be a good friend of the government, remarked, "The American teachers of Cavite Province are generally the most influential men in their towns."

I attribute the success of the teachers in this particular to the remarkable absence of race prejudice in all relations between them and the people. This removes the principal barriers to a perfect understanding, and the superiority of intelligence and education of the American teachers is made more apparent.

The duties of the American teachers are coming to be more and more those of a supervisor. In some places the Filipino teachers submit the work which they will do on the following day and suggestions are made by the American teacher touching the work and methods of presenting it. When the American teacher visits the barrio schools or the classes under the control of the Filipino teacher, he tries to ascertain if the work has been faithfully carried out. Where men have sufficient grasp to supervise successfully, great improvement is noted both in the Filipino teachers and in the results accomplished.

FILIPINO TEACHERS.

The decrease in the number of American teachers has been partly offset by an increase in the number of Filipino teachers and a great improvement in their ability and interest.

The past experience of the Filipino teacher furnishes no criterion by which he is able to properly conduct a school; all methods and ideas of teaching and even subject-matter taught are so completely changed that it is necessary to begin at the very bottom and instruct him in the rudiments of the profession. It easily follows that young teachers of unformed habits are, as a rule, the most successful. The only exceptions are some few men of unusual ability and perseverance.

It is the policy of the division superintendent to weed out as rapidly as possible the men who show that their usefulness is past and replace them with young and promising teachers. It is necessary in doing this to be careful not to get ahead of public opinion. When the people clearly understand that a certain teacher is a real detriment to the school, they easily transfer their allegiance to a new man of better ability.

The salaries of the Filipino teachers have been increased, generally in pace with their progress, though there are a few exceptions where, on account of lack of funds, it is not possible to properly reward good work. The proposed plan of appointing a number of Filipino teachers to be paid from the insular treasury will furnish the means to thus recognize especial merit.

NORMAL INSTITUTE

The normal institute of Cavite Province met in Cavite April 13 and closed May 15, making a session of five weeks.

In planning the work for this school the superintendent decided, inasmuch as it was a teachers' school, to admit none but teachers and aspirants. In very few instances was this rule violated. Believing that the main need of the Filipino teachers is a thorough education in the common branches, the greater part of the time was spent in the study of arithmetic, geography and English, and with the most advanced United States history. Method was taught by actual application, abstract principles being stated merely to clinch what had already been demonstrated.

The Filipino teachers were encouraged to organize, hold debates, and practice parliamentary rules, considerable enthusiasm being evinced in this direction. Socially, the time was enlivened by several entertainments and " bailes."

In the teachers' class during the present year the work taken up in the normal institute is continued by following a course of study more or less general throughout the province. In the normal of 1904 this work will be reviewed, examination given, and certificates awarded to those who pass creditably. Thus, by three or four years of conscientious application, a Filipino teacher may acquire a fair common school education and be able to take up other lines of study.

The advantages of this system are very apparent; definite direction is given to the work, and the teacher is made to understand that he belongs to an organization; means thus being furnished whereby the spirit of emulation may be aroused and made to serve a good purpose.

BARRIO SCHOOLS

When one considers that nearly all of the ladrones come from the rural districts, the work in the barrios seems of overshadowing importance. The poor, ignorant laborer or small farmer, unaccustomed to the formalities of law and ignorant of his rights and duties under the government, usually suffers abuses from the more powerful with a dumb, resentful silence, until, goaded beyond endurance, he commits some crime-the only means of redress which he knows-whereupon he is considered an outlaw and a fugitive from justice. For others the processes of law are a dim, terrible mystery, and, rather than be involved in its meshes in even a civil suit, with one of the " principales," they take to the hills, where there is at least a semblance of equality. Making a little education general, rather than highly educating a few, eems the more logical means of eradicating these conditions. However, giving the class of instruction received from the schools in Spanish times will do little toward uplifting the people and making theni familiar with our form of government; and before any great advancement can be made it is necessary to educate teachers to send into the barrios. Thus it is that the main effort has been spent in building up solid schools in the town before placing much emphasis.on the work in the rural districts.

There are at present 14 barrio schools in the province. In these I have included not only schools in barrios properly speaking, but those in the smaller towns where there is no American teacher stationed, but where the schools are under the supervision of a teacher of a neighboring town.

The amount of time spent in the barrio schools by the American teacher depends a great deal upon the number of schools under his charge and their distance from the "poblacion." In some, the American teacher gives instruction three times a week; others are inspected once a month or even less often.

The quality of instruction given by the Filipino barrio teachers depends upon his ability, his knowledge of English and method, and the success of the American teacher as a supervisor. It ranges from that of an old-fashioned Spanish teacher to that of an up-to-date class room. When practical the barrio teachers hold school four hours in the morning and attend teachers' class in the afternoon. The people in the barrios are, generally speaking, more anxious for instruction than those in the towns. In some communities they have, with their own effort, erected buildings; in others suitable houses are furnished by the barrios at no cost to the municipality. Where such a strong desire for education is evinced, improvements in the " poblacion " school are being postponed and the money spent in the barrios.

During the present year the growth will be mainly along the line of barrio schools; teachers of fair ability are available, and with a land tax merely equaling that of last year considerable enlargement will be possible.

HIGH SCHOOLS

The Cavite high school was opened June 19, 1902, with Mr. S. K. Mitchell as principal and Mr. Richard Leonard as assistant teacher. The need for a high school was not at that time particularly urgent, but it was thought a politic measure to commence the work and show what the primary schools were leading to, and thus cut off the stream of students from the Spanish colleges in Manila. In this we have been very successful.

The school commenced with an enrollment of about 25. This increased slowly till it reached a maximum of 80 in November with a daily attendance of 70. For the month of March the enrollment was 72 and the percentage of attemdance 92.5. The bulk of the pupils came from the neighboring towns, the more distant being scarcely represented. This seems to argue the necessity of establishing a secondary school in the southern part of the province.

Of the 72 enrolled last March 64 have returned, 2 have gone to the Liceo de Manila (one of them because he wished to take a commercial course), 2 bad to go to work, 1 is prevented by lack of means; the reason of the absence of the other 3 is unknown. This year the school opened under more advantageous circumstances. A commodious building in Cavite had been secured and more teachers added to the force. The enrollment at the end of the first month is 150, with a daily attendance of 140.

The towns of the southern part of the province continue without representation. A preparatory class for older pupils with little or no knowledge of English has been organized and proven popular. At present nearly 50 are enrolled. These are drawn mainly fromn the class that has not hitherto patronized American schools.

The spirit of the school is good. A debating society has been organized among the more advanced pupils and a baseball team is preparing to arrange games with other schools as soon as the weather permits. This year the enrollment of girls is over 30, against 9 of last year. Embroidery is taught and proves quite an attractive feature.

The teaching force of the high school now consists of 3 American teachers and 1 Filipino, with a music teacher extra. Another American teacher will soon be added and an industrial man is very much desired.

Cavite is an ideal place for an industrial school. The arsenal gives steady employment to hundreds of first-class mechanics; two dry docks are situated just outside of the town, and a large Government floating dock is expected to arrive during the year. It is believed that were an industrial teacher furnished by the department and the proper support given to the school a large number of pupils would be forthcoming.

METHODS, BOOKS, ETC.

Although even in the primary schools much time is spent on branches other than English, this, it must be conceded, is and will continue to be the one requiring the most serious thought and attention on the part of the teacher, and hence the most important. The other studies present no difficulties radically different from those encountered in the States, while the teaching of English to Filipino children is an art that has to be learned by each new teacher before he can reach even a low average of proficiency.

As a rule the teachers of this division have made great progress in method of teaching. The tendency to emphasize reading at the cost of conversation is gradually being eradicated, and with the advent of books adapted to the work greater improvement is to be expected. It is to be regretted, however, that all the effort hitherto spent in preparing special text-books has been in the line of reading books. No one, apparently, has thought of getting out an outline of lessons in conversation.

I notice that the best teachers in the province have discarded books to a certain extent and evolved for themselves a set of language lessons better fitted for the work than any text-book obtainable. From the fact that these systems are almost identical in their general plan we may deduce the possibility of there being an ideal order in which words and grammatical forms niay be introduced.

No one denies that certain words and forms are needed earlier in the life of a child than others, nor that there are certain words and forms the knowledge of which comes logically before that of others. It is the recognition of these facts, together with correct judgment of what should come first, and patience and ingenuity in drilling into the children the knowledge of these words and forms, that distinguishes between a good teacher of conversation and a poor one.

Much help would be given new teachers and those not fully acquainted with English construction, as the Filipino teachers, if a work containing lessons in conversation were published. Meanwhile, as there is no such work gotten up by the department, I would recommend the purchase and distribution of a book entitled "Progressive Lessons in English," by Mr. Sampson, English teacher, Canton, China. Although this book is not adapted to the Philippines, it contains many valuable hints for a teacher of conversation.

In summing up the work for the past year it must be noted that in spite of the decrease in the number of the American teachers the attendance at the end of the year was more than for any other month in the history of the schools of the province, that of March, 1903, being 2,487.

During the present year, with the organization of the barrio schools, the number of children receiving instruction in English will undoubtedly be greatly increased. The spirit manifested by the people toward the schools is most friendly, while the class of instruction given is rapidly proving its superiority to any other obtainable. During the present year, provided we are spared cholera and locusts, and if the ladrones continue reasonably quiet, we may expect, in spite of hard times, great advancement in all lines of education.

Philippine Constabulary Report – Cavite 1903

Senior Inspector, Capt. Thomas R. Hayson

Authorized strength 300, distributed in 7 stations. There are 11 inspectors on duty in the province. There have been 408 expeditions in the province during the past year, aggregating 16,550 miles; in other words scouting parties have patrolled the the province almost continuously. There have been 39 engagements. Outlaws killed 20, wounded 23, captured 243. Arms captured, rifles 36, shotguns 10, revolvers 33, bolos 40, daggers 3, and ammunition 1,007 rounds. Palay captured 5,125 pounds. Constabulary casualties, killed 1, deserted 14. Arms lost, 8 rifles and 6 revolvers. Work accomplished by municipal police, nothing of consequence. There were none wounded and 3 deserted. Three rifles, 4 shotguns, and 7 revolvers were lost. Telegraph stations in province, 5. Telephone stations in province, 9. There is a circular telephone system connecting stations in such manner that if cut at any point messages can be transmitted to same point in opposite direction. There are 3 scout companies stationed in the province, 1 at Imus, 1 at Naic, and 1 at Silang and Las Marinas. There are 2 companies near the border of Cavite and Rizal and Batangas, 1 at San Pedro Tunasan and 1 at Nasugbu. The conditions in this province are bad and have always been. It is unfortunate that this province was not included in those turned over to the military and allowed to receive the same chastisement that Batangas, Laguna, and Tayabas received. The present history of the province would no doubt be different. Conditions are somewhat better now than they have been heretofore. With the installation of an army officer as governor and eradication of political features froml the province, it is hoped that things will brighten up. At the close of the last fiscal year the population had apparently decided that they would not be governed. The constabulary was very unpopular. A volunteer organization was tried as an adjunct to the constabulary, which accomplished some indifferent work. Quite a number of ladrones surrendered at one time and some of them were enlisted into the constabulary, but nearly all have deserted or been discharged without honor; several of those remaining are now in confinement awaiting trial for various offenses. In very few instances have outlaws made a stand to fight, and results have been accomplished only by locating bands and attacking them unawares. The people in most of the towns are in sympathy with the outlaws and warn them of the approach of constabulary or scouts. Conditions in the southern part of the province have improved very much and it is believed there will be no further trouble in that section. The town officials have all recently been suspended in San Francisco de Malabon, and the provincial authorities propose to extend this to other pueblos. The most troublesome outlaw in the province is Felizardo. The military and constabulary have tried for two years to capture him without success. He has a following of about 40 men with 27 guns. His followers are such adepts in the rapid change from outlaw to "buen amigo" that we have not been able to apprehend them and stay within the bounds of the law. His rendezvous is in and about Bacoor and Imus, and he has as lieutenants Pilio, Santos, and Patugo. Another troublesome character in the province is Montalbon, who styles himself a general of brigade. At the gresent time his roops are disbanded and he is hiding. His lieutenants are Vega, Tocio, Anastacio, Hermogenes, Caro, and Encarnacion. They infest the country about Malabon and Inmus. Around Indan and Alfonso is a small band under Masigla and Tunasaan. Around Maragandon and Magillanes are small bands under Infanta and Julian Ramos. Still another band under Lais Sipat around'Indan had the misfortune a few days ago. to lose their leader, he being killed by scouts from San Pedro Tunasan. There is much land in the province lying idle and no apparent attempt being made to cultivate it. The province is naturally rich and should to-day be one of the most prosperous districts in the islands. The provincial board is making more effort now than at any time during the year to improve conditions and administration in the towns. It is not known why. Possibly the hope of being governor having vanished, the officials have concluded to go to work. There was a period when candidates were more numerous than flies. The municipal police will continue worthless until a strong hand is placed over them. It would, 1 believe, be a wise move to place a good constabulary inspector in Cavite as chief of police and aide to the governor. The court of first instance has been untiring in its efforts to punish evildoers and its hands are still full. There are now upward of 70 prisoners in the provincial jail awaiting trial. The outlaws from this province concentrated a short time ago around Mount Gonzales, in Batangas, and then proceeded to the town of Bay, in Laguna, and robbed the tobacco company which has an agency there. The Chinos were also robbed. The municipal funds were not molested. The matter of complicity of the presidente of the town is still under investigation. The outlaws in the province pose as patriots, but their occasional robbery of towns show them in their true light and should condemn them even in the eyes of the irreconcilables.

MATANDANG LARAWAN NG LALAWIGAN NG CAVITE

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MAGKATULAD NA TRAHEDYA SA CAVITE AT CABANATUAN

Daniel Mendoza Anciano

Sa mga mahilig sumubaybay sa mga pangyayari at kasaysayan ng bansang Estados Unidos ng Amerika (USA), ang malagim na kamatayan ng kanilang pangulong sina Lincoln at Kennedy ay parang sinasadya ng mga pagkakataon dahilan sa mga pagkakatulad ng mga detalye sa kanilang buhay at sa panahon ng asasinasyon ng dalawang pangulo. Marami parin ang nag-iisip kung papaano ito nagkaganoon. Sa kabilang dako, hindi na pala tayo dapat tumingin pa sa kaso nina Lincoln at Kennedy ng Estados Unidos para sa ganitong magkakatulad ng insidente ng asasinasyon mayroon din tayong ganitong penomena na natala sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas.

Panahon na para mapuna na ang kamatayan ng dalawang bayaning sina Andres Bonifacio at Antonio Luna ay mayroong malaking pagkakatulad tingnan, ang mga sususunod na detalye:

Sa kanilang kaarawan - si Andres Bonifacio ipinanganak noong Nobyembre 30, samantalang Si Antonio Luna ay ipinaganak noong Oktubre 29.

Si Andres ang panganay sa anim na magkakapatid at si Antonio naman ang bunso sa pitong magkakapatid.

Ngunit tingnan at pag-aralan pa ang susumunod na datos para tumayo ang inyong mga balahibo:

Una - ang kanilang pangalan ay nagsisimula sa letrang A at sinusundan ng letrang n at pag pinagsama lalabas ang An (dres) at An (tonio).

Pangalawa - ang dalawa ay parehong taga - Maynila. Si Andres Bonifacio ay mula sa Tondo at si Antonio Luna naman ay mula sa Binondo.

Pangatlo - Si Andres na unang nasawi ay may 6 letra sa pangalan samantalang si Antonio na ikalawang nasawi ay may 7 letra sa pangalan

Pang apat - Ang dalawa ay nakarating sa lugar ng kanilang kamatayan dahilan sa inbitasyon ang isa ay sa lalawigan ng Cavite at ang isa ay sa noon ay bayan ng Cabanatuan.

Panglima - Si Andres Bonifacio ay natalo sa pakikipaglaban sa mga Espanyol na naganap sa Kamaynilaan noong panimula ng himagsikang Filipino at si Antonio Luna ay natalo sa pakikipaglaban sa mga Amerikano sa Kamaynilaan sa panimula ng Digmaang Filipino-Amerikano.

Pang anim - Noong si Bonifacio ay nasa Cavite kaniyang sinita si Vicente Fernandes dahilan sa hindi nito pagsunod sa plano sa pag-atake at pagsakop ng Maynila. Sa Cabanatuan ay sinita naman ni Luna niya ang Pangkat Kawit sa Pamumuno ni Pedro Janolinodahilan sa hindi nito pagsunod sa plano ng pag-atake at pagsakop ng Maynila.

Pangpito - Sa panahon ng Unang Yugto ng Himagsikang Pilipino sa Cavite ay hayagang ang ginawang pagtanggi ni Tomas Mascardo na magpailalim sa pamumuno ni Andres Bonifacio. Sa panahon ng Unang Republika ay hayagan din ang ginawang pagtanggi ni Tomas Mascardo na kilalanin ang kapangyarihan ni Antonio Luna bilang isang mataas na heneral ng hukbo.

Pangwalo - Iisang tao lamang ang sentro ng bintang na siyang utak sa likuran ng kamatayan ni Andres Bonifacio at Antonio Luna, ito ay walang iba kundi si Pangulong Emilio Aguinaldo.

Pangsiyam - Ayon kay Emilio Aguinaldo noong mga sumunod na araw na lamang niya nalaman na pinatay si Andres Bonifacio at sinabi rin niya na noong sumunod na araw lamang niya nalaman na pinatay si Antonio Luna. Magkaparehong pahayag sa dalawang magkaibang krimen.

Pangsampu - Pinatay si Andres Bonifacio (1897) sa panahon na ang hukbo na nasa pamumuno ni Aguinaldo ay sinusugod at natatalo ng hukbong Espanyol. Pinatay naman si Antonio Luna (1899) sa panahon na ang hukbong ng Unang Republika ay sinusugod atnatatalo ng hukbong Amerikano.

Panglabing-isa - Si Andres Bonifacio ay pinaghihi-nalaan na nagtatayo ng hukbo na hiwalay at ilalaban kay Emilio Aguinaldo, samantalang si Antonio Luna ay pinaghihinalaan na nag-oorganisa ng isang coup d'etat laban kay Aguinaldo. Kung magkaganoon, ang dalawa ay parehong pinaghihinalaan at inaakusahan ng salang pagtataksil sa pamahalaan at planong pagpatay sa Pangulong Aguinaldo.

Panglabing-dalawa- Bago maganap ang trahedya itinuring na mortal na kaaway ni Andres Bonifacio si Daniel Tria Tirona at sa ilang pagkakataon ay nagkaroon na sila ng konprontasyon at dalawang pagkakataon na si Tirona ay tinutukan ng baril ni Bonifacio (pangalawang pagkakataon na ang pagtutok ng baril kay Tirona sa Kombensiyon ng Tejeros ) isa sa mga mainpluwensiyang tauhan ni Aguinaldo. Sa kaso ni Antonio Luna, nakaaway niya naman ng labis si Felipe Buencamino at sa isang pagkakataon ay simapal pa ni Luna ang nasabing ginoo. Si Daniel Tria Tirona sa pagbagsak ng Cavite ay agad na sumuko sa hukbong Espanyol. Samantalang si Buencamino sa pagbagsak ng Unang Republika ay sumuko sa mga Amerikano.

Panglabing-tatlo - Sa ka kamatayan ng dalawa, ang pangulong Aguinaldo ay pinapayuhan at inuudyukan ( o sinulsulan) ng mga taong malalapit sa kaniya ng mga kaisipan na laban kina Andres Bonifacio at Antonio Luna.

Panglabing-apat - Ang pangulong Aguinaldo ay laging wala o malayo sa lugar na kinamatayan nina Andres Bonifacio at Antonio Luna. Ngunit ang mga tao na nanguna sa pagbitay kay Andres Bonifacio ay si Lazaro Makapagal at ang naguna naman sa pagpaslang kay Antonio Luna ay si Pedro Janolino. Sina Macapagal at Janolino ay mga malalapit na tauhan ng Pangulong Aguinaldo.

Panglabing-lima - nang patayin si Andres Bonifacio, kasama niyang nasawi ang kaniyang kapatid na si Procorpio. Nang patayin naman si Antonio Luna kasama niya si Koronel Francisco Roman.

Panglabing-anim - Ang mga tao sa likod ng hiwalay na pagpatay kina Andres Bonifacio at Antonio Luna ay hindi naparusahan.

Panglabing-pito - Si Andres Bonifacio na unang nasawi ayy pinatanoong buwan ng Mayo (10, 1897) samantalang si Antonio ay pinatay sa buwan ng Hunyo (5, 1899).

Panglabing-walo - Sa bangkay ni Andres Bonifacio at Antoonio Luna ay matatagpuan ang dalawang uri ng sugat ang una ay bunga ng taga ng itak at ang pangalawa ay mula sa punlo.

Panglabing-siyam - sa kamatayan ni Andres Bonifacio ay kasama niya namatay ang kaniyang mga nakakabatang mga kapatid na si Ciriaco (na napatay sa panahon na ipinagtatanggol niya ang kaniyang kapatid habang dinadakip ng mga tauhan ni Aguinaldo sa Limbon) at Procorpio(na nakasama at kasabay na binitay). Sa kaso ni Antonio Luna, namatay ang kaniyang kapatid na si Juan Luna (ang pintor) sa atake sa puso dahilan sa labis na pamimighati sa sinapit na kamatayan ng kaniyang bunsong kapatid.

Pangdalawampu - Pagkatapos na mapatay si Andres Bonifacio nakatikim ng pagkatalo si Aguinaldo at ang huli ay nagmartsa ng mahaba mula Cavite hanggang Biyak na Bato upang takasan ang mga Kastila na humuhuli sa kaniya. Sa Biyak na Bato isinuko ni Aguinaldo ang himagsikan sa isang kasunduang pangkapayapaan. Pagkatapos na mapatay si Antonio Luna, nakatikim muli ng pagkatalo si Aguinaldo at nagmartsa ng mahaba upang matakasan ang mga Amerikano na nagbabalak na humuli sa kaniya. Nagtapos ang martsa sa Palanan, Isabela nang si Aguinaldo ay mahuli ng mga Amerikano.

Pangdalawampu't isa - Noong Disyembre 1897, sakay ng Barkong Uranus patungo ng Hongkong pagkatapos na makipagkasundo sa mga Espanyol umamin si Aguinaldo sa isang mamamahayag Espanyol na siya ang nagpapatay kay Andres Bonifacio. Noong Marso, 1901 bago sumakay si Aguinaldo ng Barkong Vicksburg ay inamin ni Aguinaldo sa mga pangkat ng mga Amerikanong humuli sa kaniya na siya ang nagpapatay kay Antonio Luna.






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Cavite Province

Ramdom Notes of a Student of Soil Geography

By Dominador Z. Rosell

Philippine Magazine
August 1938

NEXT to Rizal and Bulacan provinces in proximity to Manila is Cavite province. The Rizal-Cavite boundary is 14.94 kilometers from Manila and the provincial capital at Cavite 35 kilometers, and the Tagaytay Ridge is 78.2 kilometers on the Manila-Naic-Mendez road. When viewed from the air, the province looks like an opened fan. Fronting on Manila Bay, the coastal plain is the edge of the fan. The ribs are the several rivers radiating from the crest of Tagaytay Ridge.

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CAVITE PRE-COLONIAL RELICS

Dr. Otley H. Beyer


Cavite Province: Stone-Age remains.-Several plowed fields (mostly with red soil) along the main road to Tagaytay, and others near Indang, have produced small numbers of obsidian and flint microliths, while excavation near the Manila Hotel Site at Tagaytay Ridge produced a good Late Neolithic barkcloth beater. (A few other obsidian and flint microliths, probably of Neolithic date, were picked up along the trail to the Diesta Site to be described later.)

Possible Iron-Age site.-A thin layer of small sherds of common red pottery was examined in the back wall of a sizable excavation near the Van Schaick residence on Tagaytay Ridge. No associated objects were found, but the pottery itself is almost identical with the Early Iron-Age material from the Novaliches District sites. (This vicinity should be further examined, both for additional Late Neolithic remains and for possible Iron-Age artifacts.)

Porcelain-Age sites.-Only one important pre-Spanish site has been investigated-that on the Diesta Farm, in Pangil barrio, about half-way between Amadeo and Indang, and accessible by trail only. About 10 whole pieces of 15th and early 16th century Ming wares were accidentally excavated when a sizable ditch across one end of the farm was being dug; and a later visit by E. D. Hester disclosed the presence of good midden fragments, from a nearby village site, being plowed up in the surrounding fields. One sizable piece of a 15th century Sawankhalok tall jarlet was also plowed up. Mr. Hester expressed the opinion that a ton or more of midden fragments might easily be gathered from the plowed fields seen by him in 1932.

Hester's original visit had been made from Indang, on horseback, but in 1940 he and I tried again to reach the site from Amadeo-going by car nearly to Pafigil barrio, and then on foot for several kilometers. We found the middenfilled fields now overgrown by tall grass and brush-as cultivation had been shifted to other fields-but we did gather a small bagful of fragments from two adjoining new fields. These appear a little older than the first finds, and indicate that the upper side of the village site began at least as early as the 14th century. (The whole area looks very interesting, and merits further exploration and search for other sites.)

Historic sites. —The whole Cavite coast, from old Cavite town as far south as Ternate, was the seat of important happenings in the Early Spanish regime (and before), and should contain important historical remains meriting exploration. (Also Buck's fire-walkers.) Workers. —E. de Mitkiewicz, Robert L. Pendleton, H. H. Buck, E. D. Hester, H. 0. Beyer, Tomas Tirona.


H. Otley Beyer. Outline Review of the Philippine Archelogy by Islands and Provinces. The Philippine Journal of Science 77 (July-August, 1947). pp. 242

GUILLERMO A. BAYAN

Makabayang Guro ng Intermedia ng Indang

Magmula sa pagkakatayo ng intermedia ng Indang hanggang sa pag-alis ni Joseph Cocannouer ay parang lumilitaw na tila ang mga principal na Amerikano lamang ang nagpatakbo ng paaralan. Sa kabilang dako, sa panahon ng panunungkulan ng mga principal na Amerikano ay nandoon sa kanilang likuran ang isang gurong Pilipino na naglingkod sa paaralan magmula 1907 hanggang 1917 – Si Guillermo Bayan. Ang kabanatang ito ay isang paglalagom sa isinulat na manuskrito ni Mr. Ambrosio Bayan ukol sa kasaysayan kaniyang ama.

Si Guillermo Bayan ay ipinanganak noong Hunyo 25, 1874 sa Silang, Cavite, sa mag-asawang Macario Bayan ng Silang at Anastacia Ancanan ng Amadeo. Nag-aral ng pagkaguro sa Escuela Normal mula 1888 hanggang 1893. Pagkatapos ng pag-aaral siya ay naitalagang guro sa Amadeo, Cavite noong Mayo 31, 1893 na may buwanang suweldong P 12.00. Pagkatapos ng ilang buwan ay pansamantalang naitalagang nagturo sa lalawigan ng Albay noong Disyembre 17, 1893 na may buwanang suweldong P 17.00 . Noong Enero 31, 1894 ay nakatanggap ng pagkakatalaga upang magturo sa bayan ng Silang, na buwanang sahod P 17.00.

Habang nagtuturo sa Silang, si Maestrong Emong ay inabutan ng himagsikan ng 1896 at nakilahok sa mapagpalayang kilusan ng bayan sa nasabing kapanahunan. Naglingkod bilang opisyal ng rebolusyonaryong hukbo na nagtatanggol sa Silang, Cavite. Nakasama ni Aguinaldo noong 1897 sa Mahabang Martsa mula Maragondon at naiwan sa Cabangaan, Silang, Cavite habang sina Aguinaldo ay nagtungo sa Biyak na Bato. Ang kaniyang pakikibahagi sa madugong pakikipaglaban ng bayan laban ay nagtagal hanggang sa panahon pa nang pananakop ng mga Amerikano hanggang sa siya ay sumuko sa taong 1901.


Pagbabalik sa Pagtuturo

Sa pagsuko ni Maestrong Emong sa mga Amerikano, siya ay naatasan na maglingkod sa pamahalaang sibil bilang guro. Isa siya sa mga unang nag-aral sa Silang bilang aspirante sa ilalim ng mga gurong Amerikano upang sanayin sa paggamit ng wikang Ingles na magiging bagong medium sa pagtuturo sa mga paaralang bayan. Dumalo ng serye ng mga Normal Institute na kalimitan na isinasagawa sa magkahiwalay na lugar sa lalawigan ng Cavite. Isa sa mga Normal Institute na kaniyang nadaluhan ay ang isinagawa sa Indang noong Oktubre 3 hanggang 31, 1904 kung saan ang kaniyang sertipiko ng pagdalo ay nilagdaan ng principal nang nasabing institute na si C. J. Anderson. Naipasa ni Maestrong Emong ang pagsusulit na ibinigay ng Lupon ng Serbisyo Sibil para sa mga gurong Pilipino na ginanap noong Disyembre 27 – 28, 1904.

Noong Hunyo 1, 1905, naitalaga si Maestrong Emong bilang guro “Class K” na may taunang suweldo na $180. Hindi matiyak ni Mr. Ambrosio Bayan kung saan naitalaga ang kaniyang ama, subalit ang Bulletin No. 25 ay nagpapakita na ito ay nakatalaga bilang In-charge sa paaralang baryo ng Amadeo.


Maestrong Emong:
Gurong Pilipino sa Intermedia ng Indang

Noong Mayo 25, 1909 si Maestrong Emong ay naitalaga bilang guro “Class H” na may taunang suweldo na P 720.00. Isinasaad sa dokumento ng pagtatalaga na ang kaniyang istasyon ay ang Indang, Cavite. Ang huling dokumento ng pagtatalaga sa kaniya ay may petsang Enero 1, 1915, itinatalaga sa posisyong bilang guro “Class G” na mayroong taunang suweldo na P 840.00. Ispisipikong isinaad sa pagtatalaga na ang kaniyang istasyon ay ang Indang Farm School. Nagretiro sa pagtuturo noong 1917 at tumanggap ng pensiyon mula sa pamahalaan at hinarap ang kaniyang nalalabing panahon ng kaniyang buhay sa pagsasaka.

Sa loob ng mahabang panahon ng kaniyang pagtuturo bilang guro sa Amadeo at Indang Farm School. Ang kaniyang mga mag-aaral ay nagmula sa mga bayan ng mataas na lupa ng Cavite, Mula sa Indang, Silang, Amadeo, Mendez, Alfonso, Bailen, at Magallanes. Nakilala siya ng naglahong henerasyon ng mga mamayan sa lugar na ito bilang “Maestrong Emong.”

Samantalang nagtuturo sa Indang, muli siyang nag-asawa kay Engracia Penales na isang guro sa paaralang ng Indang. Ang mga naging anak ng mga-asawa ay sina Ambrosio, Virginia, Lauro, Macario, at Aurora. Sa pag-aaral na ito ay tiniyak ng kaniyang apo na sina Ambrocio at Virginia ay kapwa isinilang sa bayan ng Indang.

Ang kaniyang mga naging kasabayan sa pagtuturo na sina Jose Ambalada, Fernando Matro, Mariano Mondenedo ng Indang Farm School, Carlos Bayot ng Amadeo, Luis Litonjua ng Cavite. Maging ang mga batang henerasyon ng mga guro na katulad nina Estaban Velasco, Maestrang Tonya (Antonia Mercado, kapatid ni Felisa Mercado), Francisco Llamado, Simeon Madlangsakay at maraming iba pa.


Maestrong Emong Pagkatapos
ng Pagtuturo sa Indang Farm School

Ang pagreretiro ni Maestrong Emong sa pagtuturo ay nagbigay daan naman upang makapag-ambag siya ng malaki para sa pagpapabuti ng kalagayan ng Silang. Sa taong 1917 ay pinangasiwaan niya ang pagpapatayo ng monumento ni Rizal sa bayan ng Silang na natapos at pinasinayaan noong Enero 13, 1918. Si Maestrong Emong ang isa sa nagbigay ng talumpati para sa nasabing okasyon. Sa kapanahunang iyon na ang Pilipinas ay kolonya ng Amerika at watawat ng ating bansa ay pinagbabawal pang iwagayway sa ilalim ng ating langit ay naipahayag niya ang kaniyang nasyonalitikong talumpati na nagsasaad ng ganito:

“Sa pagtatayo natin ng monumentong ito ay nakatupad tayo ng isa sa pinakadaquilang tungculin ng mga anac ng isang bayan… Ang monumentong ito ay siyang magsisiwalat sa mga panahong susunod na tayong mga anac ng Bayan, ay hindi humihiwalay at hindi makakahiwalay sa sinimulang gawain ng ating mga bayani; na pagtuklas sa catubusan ng ating Bayan. Na ang landas na canilang nilacaran ay siya rin nating aalinsunurin, na ang kanilang mga bacas ay siya rin nating gagawin; na ang adjika, nais at dalangin na kanilang pinamuhunan ng buhay ay siya rin nating ipagtatanggol at paglalaanan ng lahat kung ito ang Quinacailangan.”



“Ang monumentong ito ay parang isang aclat na quinatatalaan ng mga ibeg nating ipagbilen at ipatupad sa mga liping susunod sa atin. Mauunawaan ng ating mga inanac kung ano ang lihim na nacacuble sa mahiwaga niyang anyo,

Ang monumentong iyan ay siyang magpapa-ala-ala, magtuturo, at magpapatupad sa mga dapat gawain ng bawat anac ng bayan. Siya’y magbibigay ng lacas sa mga nghihina, sigla sa mga nanglulupaypay, loob sa mga nawawalan ng diwa, tapang sa pinapasukan ng Sindac, at pag-asa sa ibeg lisanin ng paniniwala.

Sumali si Maestrong Emong sa pulitika bilang miyembro ng Partido Democrata na pinamumunuan ni Claro M. Recto at ang partido ang siya noong oposisyon sa pamahalaan. Nahalal noong 1918 sa pagka-konsehal ng Silang at nanatili sa nabanggit na posisyon hanggang sa kaniyang kamatayan noong Nobyembre 10, 1926.


Repleksiyon Ukol Sa Pagkaguro
ni Maestrong Emong

Si Maestrong Emong ang maituturing na isa sa mahalagang tuklas sa pag-aaral ng kasaysayan pang-edukasyon sa lalawigan ng Cavite. Isang guro na ang propesyon ay nag-overlap sa tatlong mahalagang panahon sa kasaysayan ng Pilipinas. Nag-umpisa sa kaniyang pagtatapos sa Escuela Normal sa Maynila na nakilala sa kapanahunang iyon na lumilikha ng mga progresibong gurong na naglalayon na hanguin ang sistema ng kolonyal na edukasyon sa isang mapanupil at mga hindi mapagparayang mga patakaran.[1]

Ang pakikilahok ni Maestrong Emong sa himagsikang Pilipino noong 1896-1898 ay kahahayagan ng kaniyang komitment sa pagpapalaya ng bayan. Ang pagpapatuloy ng kaniyang pakikibaka sa anyo ng pakikidigmang gerilya laban sa mga mananakop na Amerikano noong 1899 at 1901 ay indikasyon ng kaniyang hangarin para sa preserbasyon ng kalayaan na natamo na nang bayan at noon ay inaagaw ng Amerika.[2] Sumuko si Maestrong Emong sa mga Amerikanong mananakop dahilan na rin sa pakiusap ng mga kaibigan at namuhay sa ilalim ng bagong bandila at sumunod sa panibagong dayuhang pamahalaan.


Binalikan ni Maestrong Emong ang pagtuturo na pilit na ginagamit ang bagong wika na maaring hindi niya ganap na natutunan. Nagturo ng primarya sa mga taong 1902 hanggang malipat sa intermedia ng Indang noong 1907. Kung pag-aaralan ang relasyon ng kaniyang eksistensiya bilang guro sa intermedia ng Indang hanggang sa kaniyang pagreretiro ay makikita na siya ay kakabit ng institusyon at mga naging principal nito. Naging estudyante ni C. J. Anderson sa Normal Institute sa Indang noong 1904. Napailalim siya sa pamumuno ni Harry J. Hawkins noong ito ay supervising teacher pa ng Silang. Naabutan pa niya ang huling taon ng pangangasiwa ni C. E. Workman at ang kobersiyon ng intermedia ng Indang bilang isang agricultural school. Naging pinuno niya si Henry Wise at Joseph A. Cocannouer. Nilisan niya ang paaralan nang magtagumpay ang patakarang Pagsasapilipino at maisalin ang intermedia kay Mr. Mariano Mondeńedo. Limitado na lamang ang mga natitira pang anekdota ng kaniyang pagiging guro sa intermedia ng Indang. Subalit matitiyak na sa nakalipas, bilang isa sa pinakamatagal na guro sa paaralan ay nagkaroon siya ng malaking inpluwensiya sa pagpapatupad ng mga patakaran ng mga Amerikanong principal sa institusyon.

Tanging panahon na lamang ang magbubunyag ng mga karagdagang inpormasyon sa ginampanan niyang papel bilang guro ng paaralan, subalit matitiyak na mayroong siyang malaking pagtitiwala sa kakayahan ng paaralan na kaniyang pinagturuan. Mararamdaman ito sa kaniyang ginawang pag-papaaral sa ang kaniyang anak na si Paterno Bayan na nagtapos intermedia ng Indang noong 1919[3] at sa kaniyang anak na si Ambrocio Bayan.[4]


Sa pag-aaral sa naging carrer ni Maestrong Emong bilang guro ay maaring makita ang kaniyang pagsunod sa bagong mananakop. Subalit sa kaniyang talumpati sa pagtatayo ng monumento ni Rizal sa bayan ng Silang ay masasalamin na hindi namamatay ang apoy ng himagsikan na nakatago sa kaibuturan ng kaniyang puso – ang katubusan ng bayan na dapat harapin ng mga susunod na henerasyon. Isang bagay ang sasaliksikn ng susunod na henerasyon at ito ay kung ano ang epekto ng nakatagong kaisipang liberetarian sa kaniyang pagtuturo at mga mag-aaral. Maging sa larangan ng pulitika ay pinili ni Maestrong Emong ang partidong oposisyon sa pamahalaang Amerikano na pinamumunuan ni Claro M. Recto.

Sa pagwawakas ng kabanatang ito ay ipinapaalam ng nagsasaliksik sa mga mambabasa na noong Hunyo 2006 ay binuksan ng Cavite State University ang isang sa kaniyang mga sangay sa Silang, Cavite. Isang kabalintunaan na wala sinuman sa loob ng pamantasan ang nakakilala at nakakaalam na 99 ang nakalipas si Maestrong Emong ng Silang, Cavite ay dumating at nagturo sa intermedia ng Indang at ang mapagbirong pagkakataon ay tila ibinabalik ng Indang ang kaniyang kautangan sa bayan ng Silang na pinagmulan niya ng kaniyang makabayang guro.

Darating ang isang panahon, hindi magiging kataka-taka na ang kampus ng Cavite State University sa Silang, Cavite ay tawaging Guillermo Bayan Campus.